Colorectal cancer is a common clinical malignant tumor with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Currently, surgery is one of the core treatment modalities for colorectal cancer. Although this approach has certain efficacy, postoperative complications remain poorly controlled. The occurrence of complications after colorectal tumor surgery not only prolongs the treatment and hospitalization duration of patients but also severely affects tumor prognosis and the quality of life of patients. Therefore, predicting and preventing the occurrence of complications after colorectal tumor surgery is of great importance. To ensure the surgical efficacy and improve the prognosis of patients, this study will systematically review the prediction and prevention of postoperative complications in patients with colorectal tumors by integrating the latest clinical research, focusing on three aspects: common complications of colorectal cancer, risk factors and prediction of complications, and prevention strategies.